Artykuł przedstawia i analizuje nastawienie i działania prawne kolejnych władz francuskich wobec Kościoła katolickiego w okresie rządów Dyrektoriatu (1795–1799).

The French Revolution towards the Catholic Church during the National Convention period (1792–1795)

The paper presents and analyzes the attitudes and subsequent legal actions of the French authorities against of the Catholic Church in institutionally separated period of the National Convention (1792–1795).

The pre-Messianistic nature of the song God save Poland

The song God Save Poland holds extraordinary significance for Polish culture and the development of national consciousness during the Romantic period. Written in the early 19th century, shortly after the establishment of the Congress Kingdom of Poland. It was a time filled with hope but later revealed to be marked by misplaced faith in the sincerity of Tsar Alexander I. Its lyrics evolved in response to shifting political realities and social tensions. The history of the song, its controversial context of creation and the strong ideas of Romanticism (Messianism and Pan-Slavism) hidden in it and foreshadowing the future make this work once again deserve some study. My goal was to uncover these hidden concepts and to examine the hypothesis that the anthem possesses a pre-Messianic character. The providential tone of the piece aligns with the decline of Enlightenment thinking and the crisis of deism, which created space for new inquiries into fundamental questions: Why did Poland lose its independence, and how might it be regained?