The aim of the article is to present the results of the research conducted by author in Poland and Russia last years, as well as to analyse the ways for improvement the situation in civil society in these countries. The author postulates the need of new understanding of the role of non–governmental organizations in times of crises, which happened in Europe and in the world in recent years (the world financial crisis, migration crisis, political crises in Poland and Russia, the crisis of European integration, etc.). Presented in this article research demonstrates, that mass–media, governments and ordinary people in Poland and Russia see the role of non–governmental organisations primarily in the social problems solving. Moreover, different other studies analysed in the article demonstrate the weakness of non–governmental sector and civil society in these countries. Author concludes that non–governmental organizations have to work in coalitions, because this way they can receive support from other institutions in the network and promote their activities on a larger scale. Networking, federations and coalitions of non–governmental organizations are the significant force in society. It is very important especially in a context of social development of Poland and Russia and overcoming the consequences of crises. 

The research report presents results of the comparative study on relationships between remembrance narratives and transitional identity policy. It is based on the qualitative-toquantitative narrative analysis of six cases: Chile, Estonia, Georgia, Poland, South Africa, and Spain. It discusses internal correlations within the structure of transitional remembrance policy with reference to three levels of analysis: the general level, the areas of impact (objectives of the policy) level, and the fields of impact (aims of the policy) level. As a result, it offers two models – the General Model of Correlations, and the Model of Internal Correlations. These two drawings show main features of remembrance story-telling during democratisations, and they develop present understandings on the way in which historical arguments may influence transitional identity reconstruction.

Education is a metaprocess focused on causing changes in individual and social resources of experience, knowledge, skills, attitudes, beliefs and aspirations, as well as in the state of health and physical fitness. This system of processes consists of many diverse interrelated interactions, actions, acts, deeds and activities, with many related elements and components, and among them control and evaluation activities. The purpose of the article is to present the results of analyzes and thoughts related to the determination of the role of these activities among other educational acts, related in particular to cooperation and mutual interaction. It goes well beyond the commonly accepted so-called school and colloquial understanding of these terms. They are treated primarily as cognitive and research activities, as well as valuing activities, as subject-making, person-forming and sociogenic tools. The basis of the research was a diachronic-synchronous model of the full, broadly understood act of educational activity. The resulting conclusions indicate their fundamental role in education.

Cybersecurity strategies of New Zealand and Poland in the process of globalization

In this paper an author conduct comparative analysis of New Zealand and Poland cybersecurity strategies. During this research a hypothesis was confirmed that cybersecurity strategies of analyzed countries differ because of their political systems of these countries. Moreover an author has highlighted that alliances known from real world are transformed into cyberspace. Thus New Zealand stay close, when creating cybersecurity, to USA, Australia and Canada, when Poland is committed to the European Union structures.

The role of anthems in the process of forming Central European national identities based on the book by Csaba G. Kiss

Csaba G. Kiss, using comparative analysis, has not only attempted to uncover the corpus of dominant motifs in national songs, but has also indicated how their selection was influenced by historical events and the traditions of individual communities. Particularly noteworthy are the sections of the work where the links between the songs produced in different national communities are presented, both in terms of their forms and content. On the other hand, what can draw exceptional admiration is the enormous erudition of the author of The Anthems of East-Central Europe, who in his investigations referred not only to the literature in the languages of the conference, but also made extensive use of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Romanian and - understandably because of his origin – Hungarian studies. Minor errors of a factual nature are somewhat surprising, such as the attribution to Alexander I the paternity of Grand Duke Constantine, commander-in-chief of the Polish army and the actual governor of Congress Poland from 1815 to 1830. The book under review can be considered a highly successful example of the use of comparative analysis in research dedicated to the emergence of national identity in Central Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries.

This article is written on a relevant topic. It is a fairly original alloy for exact science, in which rigorous data, formulations, basic conclusions and generalisations are intertwined with interesting and even, to a certain extent, fascinating material. The article is complicated and enriched by a comparative analysis of phytonyms in two languages of different groups. With the apparent dominance of the former, the work is divided into several parts. The first one provides brief information about the terminology itself. The meaning of phytonyms is given according to world standardisation. The author clearly and distinctly clarifies that the phytonymic vocabulary in English and Azerbaijani has gone a long way in development and formation. Moreover, it is emphasised that when analysing phytonyms in the Azerbaijani language, it is necessary to pay closer attention to the etymology of specific words and expressions. In the second part, the colour scheme is differentiated. The third, which logically follows the second, shows its uniqueness in the two named languages. Finally, in the fourth part, various ways of using them are proposed for consideration and linguistic analysis. Having completed the theoretical part, the author proceeds to the practical implementation of the central theme, that is, he subjects the most famous English and Azerbaijani phytonyms in science to differentiation. It is based on individual nominations and so-called locatives. Again, as before, the article’s author focuses on comparing the desired vocabulary in two languages. When analysing the content of phytonyms, the author relies on their characterological features. These are form, time, age, quantity, and quality. Summarising these features, unifying them and bringing them into a single system is possible. As a result, phytonyms in two languages are presented as a fragment of the overall picture of the universe. Their purely biological nature does not obscure strict linguistic analysis. In our opinion, the evident success of the article’s author should be considered in the constantly cited comparisons of facts or phenomena of two perceived sides: biologists and linguists. In some cases (shown in the work), they partially coincide, but they may have completely different estimates. The latter is observed in the case of identification by linguists of purely distinctive features and signs. Individual characteristics follow from this. It is correctly noted that each specialist is looking for his own angle of view on the desired problem, but all conclusions and generalisations are reduced to linguistic analysis. In any case, the overall picture turns out to be clarified.