- Author:
Tomasz Kacała
- E-mail:
tomasz1975@yahoo.com
- Institution:
Centrum Doktryn i Szkolenia Sił Zbrojnych RP w Bydgoszczy
- Year of publication:
2015
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
49-65
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2015.02.03
- PDF:
ppk/24/ppk2403.pdf
Disinformation and propaganda in the terms of the threats posed to the state security
The paper presents the role played by disinformation and propaganda in shaping state security. Common understanding of the terms is characterized by value judgment and differs from the one included in the subject matter literature. Both disinformation and propaganda are not newly implemented activities but they accompany the society from its beginning. Their usefulness during war has been proved by numerous historical examples. Development of disinformation and propaganda is connected with development of mass communication technology. Special meaning of the mentioned communication activities was confirmed during development of crisis situation in Ukraine in 2014. There are potential threats posed to Republic of Poland as a result of Polish involvement in democratization of Central and Eastern Europe. They include, inter alia, disinformation and propaganda. The way of eliminating the effects of disinformation and propaganda is understanding their mechanisms.
- Author:
Karolina Pałka-Suchojad
- Institution:
Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce
- Year of publication:
2020
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
32-41
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2020.68.03
- PDF:
apsp/68/apsp6803.pdf
This article describes the issue of misinformation during the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, which WHO called ‘infodemic’. The outbreak of the pandemic has changed the constellation of the information environment, where there is a noticeable increase in fake news, conspiracy theories and the hate speech they generate. The modified architecture of digital space causes the formation of new instruments, influence factors, phenomena – previously recognized, but never before so intense. The article focuses on fake news that appeared in connection with the ongoing pandemic and which is present in Polish public discourse. The adopted perspective allowed to look at the phenomenon of false information through the prism of the theory of information laundering.
- Author:
Aliaksandr Kazak
- Institution:
Belarusian Analytical Workroom
- Year of publication:
2020
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
240-251
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.5604/cip202012
- PDF:
cip/18/cip1812.pdf
W artykule zaprezentowano formułę rosyjskiego oddziaływania propagandowego jakiemu państwo rosyjskie poddaje obywateli Białorusi. Wskazano cele i grupy docelowe tego oddziaływania, dokonano oceny ich efektywności oraz przedstawiono możliwe formy reakcji, mającej na celu przygotowanie Białorusinów do umiejętnego dostrzegania działań mających na celu dezinformację, manipulację i kształtowanie opinii publicznej zgodnie z rosyjskimi celami politycznymi.
- Author:
Robert Reczkowski
- E-mail:
r.reczkowski@wp.pl
- Institution:
Centrum Doktryn i Szkolenia Sił Zbrojnych w Bydgoszczy
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1227-5090
- Year of publication:
2020
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
243-256
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/siip202012
- PDF:
siip/19/siip1912.pdf
Zarówno dezinformacja, jak i propaganda nie są działaniami nowymi, ale towarzyszą społeczeństwom praktycznie od samego ich powstania. Co więcej, ich użyteczność w działaniach państw potwierdzają nie tylko liczne przykłady historyczne, ale również te, których jesteśmy obecnie świadkami i są ściśle związane z rozprzestrzenianiem się pandemii COVID-19. Artykuł jest próbą zdefi niowania i opisania nie tylko rosyjskiego ekosystemu dezinformacji i propagandy w dobie pandemii, ale również próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób różne fi lary tego ekosystemu odgrywają różne role, wzajemnie się zasilają oraz wzmacniają.
- Author:
Mateusz Żoch
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
- Year of publication:
2021
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
219-234
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.5604/cip202113
- PDF:
cip/19/cip1913.pdf
Fake news był obecny w życiu człowieka już od czasów starożytnych. Jednakże rozwój technologii, globalizacja doprowadził do zwiększenia zasięgu jego rozprzestrzeniania. Masowość mediów doprowadziła do przeinaczeń, nadinterpretacji, szerzenia nieprawidłowości na określony temat. W ten sposób zaczęła się szerzyć dezinformacja przeprowadzana różnymi metodami. Określana jest ogólnie jako fake news. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie jak ważną rolę w współczesnym świecie pełni fake news oraz jak jest wykorzystywany w celach manipulacji. Przeinaczona informacja może wywołać niepokój w jednostce bądź grupie, a tym samym zdestabilizować bezpieczeństwo. Masowy dostęp do mediów społecznościowych i Internetu prowadzi do zwiększonej ilości różnych, błędnych, celowo zmanipulowanych informacji, co może wpływać negatywnie na nasze postrzeganie rzeczywistości, a w konsekwencji na nasze bezpieczeństwo.
- Author:
Jarosław Wiśnicki
- Institution:
Territorial Defense Forces, Poland
- Year of publication:
2022
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
177-194
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2022.75.10
- PDF:
apsp/75/apsp7510.pdf
The article attempts to identify information hazards to Poland in the context of hazards determining the loss of the state’s image as perceived by international opinion, indicating the metamorphosis associated with conditions characteristic for the social influence operations. The impact of tendencies in building of the national and international security, being determinants for social hazards, was emphasised. An analysis of development of information hazards, their dissemination and resonance in Poland in the period between 2016 and 2021, forms a prominent part of the article. The influence and the role of mass media in shaping of awareness were presented, revealing mechanisms for creating the public opinion.
- Author:
Bartłomiej Składanek
- E-mail:
b.skladanek@uthrad.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Humanistyczny im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego w Radomiu
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9915-4218
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
283-293
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2023.01.21
- PDF:
ppk/71/ppk7121.pdf
The COVID-19 pandemic made the authorities of many countries take extraordinary steps to prevent the new disease from spreading. They were not limited to improving the operation of healthcare but also extended to a range of areas of social and political life. That resulted in restrictions to fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms. A number of doubts voiced in the public debate in this connection encourage a scientific consideration of the legal aspects of restricting the rights and freedoms in connection with the pandemic. This paper is aimed at presenting disinformation as a hazard to the right to the freedom of speech, constitutionally protected in democratic states.
- Author:
Agnieszka Homańska
- E-mail:
agnieszkahomanska@gmail.com
- Institution:
University of Warsaw, Poland
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-7903
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
35-42
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/CPLS.2023304
- PDF:
cpls/7/cpls704.pdf
This article discusses the modern concept of civic education and its history, which dates back to ancient times. Civic education is perceived as the process of educating individuals about their rights and responsibilities as members of a society and preparing them to participate in the democratic process. One of the key objectives of civic education is to promote active citizenship and engagement in the democratic process. The article highlights the interdisciplinary nature of civic education and its connection to a well-constructed educational system, as well as detects the biggest challenges for the process. The purpose of the article is to introduce the importance and development of civic education and to analyze its state in Poland, noting the changes that have taken place over the course of the 21st century. To accomplish this objective, the author decided to compare various reports on both the state of democracy and education in Poland. Furthermore, the author sought to underscore the significance of the individuals responsible for educating society, as well as the methodologies employed in civic education, which significantly influence the formal civic education of young individuals. Such ideas were also presented in the recommendations.
- Author:
Katarzyna Borawska-Kalbarczyk
- E-mail:
borawska@uwb.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Polska
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4315-2226
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
151-172
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/kie.2024.02.08
- PDF:
kie/144/kie14408.pdf
Students’ attitudes to the infodemic phenomenon in the perspective of improving media literacy in academic education
The article presents the results of a study that aimed to analyse students’ attitudes towards infodemic caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The author adopted the interpretation of infodemic as a process of spreading an excess of untrue information, which complicates the evaluation and selection of reliable content. The research problem was the question of students’ attitudes towards false information related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The research sample consisted of 37 students of pedagogy. The research was conducted in a qualitative research paradigm. The results indicated that the surveyed students had a positive and stable organisation of their own knowledge, beliefs, feelings, and such forms of behaviour and expressive reactions as are necessary when confronted with infodemic. The respondents declared that they search for content in various sources and make a critical comparison and identification of false content. Despite this, they do not have a sufficiently in-depth knowledge of how to debunk false information. They feel the need for a great deal of cognitive effort to verify content. Therefore, the author makes recommendations for the formation of critical media literacy – as a way of building social resilience to disinformation and other disorders of the information age.
- Author:
Marcin Orzechowski
- Institution:
University of Szczecin
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7272-6589
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
7-23
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2024.83.01
- PDF:
apsp/83/apsp8301.pdf
Research objective – The aim of this article is to analyse the specifics of Russian information warfare. Starting from the definition of the concept of political strategy, the author tries to show that information warfare is one of the key instruments in the confrontation with Western states, and that the war in Ukraine has intensified Russia’s activities in this area, also towards Central European states. The means and tools used are an instrument for influencing the political and social processes taking place in other countries. Methodology – The study used a comparative method, collecting and analysing historical data and comparing theoretical approaches to categories such as political strategy, information warfare and hybrid warfare. Findings – The correlation analysis of Russian geopolitics and information warfare confirms that it is a dangerous weapon: a means of achieving the state’s goals in international, regional and domestic politics, as well as of ensuring its geopolitical superiority regionally and globally. Practical implications – This study aimed to organise and expand the available literature on the analysis of the specifics of Russian information warfare.
- Author:
Tural Asgarli
- Institution:
University of Silesia in Katowice
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0073-507X
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
81-95
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2024.83.05
- PDF:
apsp/83/apsp8305.pdf
This paper aims to shed light on the propaganda tool Russia has chosen to promote its imperial desire – the reconstruction of the Soviet Union. The research takes the Putin era, from the year 2000 to the present, as a timeframe. The data in this research was primarily a library-based study using primary research resources. The study uses a systemic method by approaching the post- Cold War era as a system impacted by Russia’s policies in the decision-making sphere. The primary research question: Is propaganda a tool for rebuilding the Soviet Union? The hypothesis: Russian propaganda serves as a strategic tool for fostering sentiments of unity and potential efforts to revive the appearance of the Soviet Union. A detailed description of the following questions helps provide tremendous insight into implementing the main question: What is Russia’s propaganda strategy? How does Russia’s disinformation and propaganda strategy operate in post-Soviet countries?
- Author:
Izabella Grabowska-Lepczak
- E-mail:
igrabowska@sgsp.edu.pl
- Institution:
Akademia Pożarnicza w Warszawie
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4695-3993
- Author:
Barbara Szykuła-Piec
- E-mail:
bpiec@sgsp.edu.pl
- Institution:
Akademia Pożarnicza w Warszawie
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4533-232X
- Author:
Julia Wasiluk
- Institution:
Akademia Pożarnicza w Warszawie (Lic.)
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
7-15
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/CEJSS.2024101
- PDF:
cejss/2-1/cejss24101.pdf
Disinformation as one of the tools in hybrid warfare
This article aims to highlight the variety of tools used today in hybrid warfare, which combine conventional warfare with irregular tactics and disinformation, posing new challenges to traditional strategies. The conflict between Israel and Hezbollah, Ukraine and Russia, and Poland and Belarus, among others, where disinformation and the media played a key role, were analysed. The need for media education, public awareness raising, accountability of media and social media platforms, and the introduction of regulation as integrated measures necessary to build resilience against information manipulation were identified.
- Author:
Dominika Borowska
- E-mail:
dominika00borowska@gmail.com
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6985-398X
- Author:
Nikola Rozworska
- E-mail:
rozworska.n@gmail.com
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5778-0752
- Author:
Patryk Wawrzyński
- E-mail:
patryk.wawrzynski@usz.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0911-1068
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
13-22
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.01
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1201.pdf
Countering disinformation in social media
The rise of disinformation and fake news in the 21st century significantly impacts society and public debate, creating new threats. The problem intensified on the Internet weakens critical thinking among recipients and makes it difficult to distinguish reliable sources from false information. The anonymity of the web complicates the identification of disinformation authors, hindering legal action. Polish law is not adequately prepared to combat fake news, and penalizing all false content could infringe on constitutional rights and freedoms. Fact-checking organizations, such as Demagog.org, Fakenews.pl, etc., are crucial in verifying information. Initiatives like GovTech Polska and the Code of Good Practices promote education and raise social awareness regarding informational security. Internet giants, including Facebook, Google, TikTok, and X, have committed to fighting disinformation by removing fake accounts and blocking revenue from fake news. The study utilized desk research and case study methods to analyze available secondary materials and perform critical evaluations. The results indicate that adequate source verification, common sense, critical thinking, and fact-checking tools are essential in minimizing the risk of disinformation. Counteracting this phenomenon requires a conscious and responsible approach, systematic content verification, education, and cooperation across various social sectors.
- Author:
Nataliya Hado
- E-mail:
natalia_gado@yahoo.com
- Institution:
University of Missoury Saint Louis, IT św. J. Bilczewskiego we Lwowie-Brzyuchowicach
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0665-573X
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
23-32
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.02
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1202.pdf
Language destruction as a basis for wartime disinformation
Disinformation as a method of psychological influence, which consists of providing the object with information that misleads him about the actual state of affairs and creates a distorted reality, becomes especially dangerous when used for propaganda and military purposes. In the case of Russia’s attack on Ukraine, disinformation has resulted in a lot of human casualties. However, disinformation as a favorite tool of Russian propaganda was used against Ukraine for a long before the first attack on Ukraine in 2014 or the full-scale invasion of 2022. Using the historical method and comparative analysis, the article demonstrated that disinformation was systematic and implemented along with the civilizational demoralization of Russian society, which manifests as language destruction. The author considers the use of the religious factor to be one of the prerequisites for the effectiveness of disinformation through the destruction of language.
- Author:
Katarzyna Krakowska
- E-mail:
katarzyna.krakowska@civitas.edu.pl
- Institution:
Collegium Civitas, Uniwersytet Łódzki
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-202X
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
33-42
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.03
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1203.pdf
Difficulties and challenges during the relief of war refugees from Ukraine as fodder for Kremlin disinformation
The text addresses difficult themes in the narratives of participants in the Polish aid efforts during the first months of the full-scale war in Ukraine. It aims to identify areas that Kremlin propaganda exploits to spread disinformation and stir up resentment against refugees, which can lead– by creating moral panic– to social and political destabilization in Poland. The paper is based on empirical material collected through indepth interviews with helpers during the spring and summer of 2022.
- Author:
Myroslava Rudyk
- E-mail:
myroslava.rudyk@usz.edu.pl
- Institution:
Lwowski Narodowy Uniwersytet im. Iwana Franki, Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3612-100X
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
43-52
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.04
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1204.pdf
Media as a tool and means in Russian propaganda during the Russo-Ukrainian war
The propagandistic component has always been a part of Russian Federation policy. Dating back to the Soviet Union era, media were used to reinforce state policies, even if they were unlawful. Journalists were treated as mouthpieces of the system. Over time, the traditions of Russian politics have not changed. During the Russo-Ukrainian war, which Russia started against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, media are also used to promote “correct” narratives, outright disinformation, and sometimes even lies to support aggressive policies. Russian media are an integral part of the war, where information warfare is equally essential as the battle on the field.
- Author:
Marta Szulc
- E-mail:
marta.szulc@usz.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9928-305X
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
53-61
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.05
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1205.pdf
The fight against disinformation in the European Union, using the example of the war in Ukraine
Disinformation, meaning false information disseminated to mislead or deceive the audience, is gaining prominence in social and political life. This article aims to analyze the Russian disinformation narrative regarding the war in Ukraine and to present the European Union’s response to this false narrative. The study was carried out based on literature on the subject, source documents, and content posted on the EUdisinfo.eu. The analysis shows how dangerous the Russian disinformation narrative is for international relations and how important it is to constantly analyze content published on the Internet and expose irregularities.
- Author:
Grzegorz Mazur
- E-mail:
231059@stud.usz.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6172-8201
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
63-70
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.06
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1206.pdf
The impact of social media on the perception of the Russia-Ukraine conflict: disinformation as a propaganda tool
Technological development creates opportunities for more effective dissemination of propaganda. The invention and availability of the Internet for commercial use revolutionized the way of communication. The author’s goal is to demonstrate the correlation between actively developed social media and the use of disinformation. Presenting the effects of propaganda activities emphasizes the importance of the initiated initiatives. The starting point for the article is the thesis that social media are an arena in the information warfare of the warring states. The author analyzes disinformation techniques in the text. The key role of social media in the way the conflict is perceived by the international community is specified. The author presents the positive and negative consequences of media activity. The war between Russia and Ukraine was used as a case study to confirm the described claims. The activities of the services of both countries fit into the narrative of conducting disinformation activity. The author showed that along with technological development, new tools are created that are used in the dissemination of propaganda. The most popular platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, are a significant means of gaining knowledge about the international situation and contribute significantly to shaping public opinion. Control of social media translates into real actions in the real world.
- Author:
Agata Jabłońska
- E-mail:
240193@stud.usz.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
71-82
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.07
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1207.pdf
Mirrors of conflict: how to find truth amid distorted reflections?
The article analyzes how disinformation affects the Russian-Ukrainian war. Russia, by employing false narratives, destabilizes Ukraine and manipulates public opinion, both domestically and internationally. Examples include false reports of alleged war crimes committed by Ukrainian soldiers, accusations of neo-Nazism, and manipulations of photos and videos designed to create a negative image of Ukraine. The article emphasizes that dealing with disinformation requires media literacy and skills in information verification. Critical thinking and fact-checking can weaken the impact of false news. The fight against disinformation also requires integrated actions at both international and local levels to effectively counter manipulation and defend credible sources of information.
- Author:
Ilona Tokareva
- E-mail:
ilonatok3@gmail.com
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
95-104
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/PPUSI.2024.01.09
- PDF:
pomi/12/pomi1209.pdf
Disinformation with Russo-Ukrainian war
The theme of the article is an analysis examples of disinformation within the framework of the Russian-Ukrainian war, describing psycho-cognitive elements of the danger of disinformation and offering a solution to the problem of disinformation. To achieve the aim of the article: a discourse-analysis of scientific papers and articles on the topic was done; a number of fake news, also classified as elements of PSYOP, were analyzed. The results of the article: the author’s analysis of the psycho- -cognitive dangers of disinformation is proposed; the author’s classification of the directions of the Russian PSYOP was created; three ways to combat вisinformation: at the legal, educational and social level were described.