Stosunki amerykańsko-chińskie w pierwszym roku prezydentury Donalda Trumpa były okresem gwałtownego przewartościowania polityki Waszyngtonu wobec Pekinu. Protekcjonistyczne hasło „America First” kontrastowało wyraźnie z próbą narzucania przez Chińską Republikę Ludową globalnej narracji otwartości gospodarczej, a wycofywanie się Stanów Zjednoczonych z porozumień wielostronnych zaczęły dyskontować władze Chin, wysuwając własne projekty multilateralne. W porównaniu z prezydenturą Baracka Obamy, postulującego „zwrot ku Azji” (pivot to Asia), pierwszych dwanaście miesięcy rządów jego następcy w Białym Domu charakteryzowała wyraźna zmiana priorytetów w polityce wobec Chin w oparciu o konfrontacyjną retorykę i rosnącą asertywność w kwestiach gospodarczych.

Celem podjętych rozważań jest przedstawienie kulturowych uwarunkowań edukacji w Chinach w dobie globalizacji. Artykuł odpowiada na pytanie, czy w czasach globalnych przemian i swobodnego przepływu treści, znaczeń i rozwiązań oświatowych, edukacja w Chinach pozostaje wierna tradycji i wartościom lokalnym. Przedmiotem badań były system edukacyjny i rzeczywistość kulturowo-społeczna w okresie przemian. W treści artykułu wykorzystano badania zastane chińskich i zagranicznych autorów. Jako metodę badawczą wybrano analizę źródeł wtórnych, która pokazała, że mimo gwałtownych, globalnych zmian, chińska edukacja w swoich metodach i sposobach nauczania pozostaje wierna ideałom i założeniom chińskiej tożsamości, a dokonuje tego za pośrednictwem procesu kontekstualizacji.

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution we already have robots, also there are such technologies as genetic sequencing and editing, artificial intelligence, miniaturized sensors, 3D printing and much more. Digital technologies are constantly being developed with new methods and have been implemented worldwide into various processes and automation systems. The article describes modern digitalization components and analyzes its possible threats. Along with an increase in life comfort, modern civilizations must face with cybercrimes based on data collection, including cyber thefts and hacker attacks. Globalization enables exchanging goods and services between countries of the world. It also gives a tool phishing and illegally access vulnerable information of global enterprises to compete unfairly. Although Big Data can be helpful among organizations, it can also be a mark of the inevitable danger worldwide.

The authors study the principle of solidarity in the sense of exercising the right to social dialogue in the context of globalization. The authors are convinced that without civic association there can be no direct influence of citizens on social processes in the state and certain spheres of public life. Solidarity in this sense is the social unity of individuals united by a certain property in the awareness of the need for such a combination to achieve a specific positive goal. In this way, solidarity is different from any other combination that exists for its own sake, and not to achieve a certain result. This understanding is especially important in the labor sphere in the exercise of the right to social dialogue. In today’s globalized world, the problem of the ineffectiveness of social dialogue must be considered not only in the institutional, legal or cultural aspect, but in terms of the possibility of social solidarity. The authors point out that the modern state can’t always meet the challenges of modernity, in particular, with the strong influence of transnational corporations as the main actors in globalization. That’s why the state needs the solidarity of citizens around this problem when solving the tasks of ensuring social justice in the labor sphere. The authors believe that the result of such solidarity should be the active implementation in the practice of social dialogue of international framework agreements between transnational corporations, the state and citizens, represented by specialized trade unions, including international ones.

The modern, globalized world require from many persons to be in constant movement between not only geographical areas but also cultural circles. Representatives of various cultural, religious, national or ethnic groups meet on a daily basis as part of the education process, professional tasks or free time. Efficient functioning in such an environment is not possible without extended intercultural competences and creating open and tolerant society goes along with the need of breaking, rooted in tradition, stereotypes and prejudices. For a long time, a significant percentage of activities aimed at establishing relationships and cooperation between people from different cultures was based on the assumptions of the contact hypothesis, the essence of which is personal contact, exchange of experiences and verification of beliefs. This approach is reflected, inter alia, in in the European Erasmus + programs to support youth and academic mobility. Currently in the era of limitation of the possibility of movement caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, most activities within education systems throughout Europe are carried out remotely. Contact mediated by new technologies very often lacks or significantly reduces the possibility of receiving non-verbal elements of communication, such as facial expressions, body language, proxemics or paralinguistic factors. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the effectiveness of actions based on the contact hypothesis in the case of distance contact and the need to search for new, alternative solutions in this regard. The starting point will consist of analysis of the benefits from implementing activities based on direct contact, on the example of the involvement of Erasmus+ program students in activities in the field of intercultural education in primary school. On the other hand, the difficulties observed in international projects, in which contact between participants due to the introduced restrictions must be mediated by the media will be described.

The article deals with the problematic issues of human and civil rights under pandemic on the example of the practice of combating the spread of respiratory disease COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 civil society in Ukraine in 2020. Account has been taken of the fact that the human, his life and health are the highest social value, and that human rights and freedoms determine the content and orientation of State activities. Since every State functioned for the human, in order to protect universally recognized rights and freedoms, it was a feature of a modern democratic State governed by the rule of law. At the same time, in legal science in recent years there has been a debate about the problems of human and civil rights against the background of widespread abuse of rights, individual selfishness, conflict of rights of one person and group of people, human and society. That is to say, in the order of the day came an all-civilizational discussion about the appointment of the State, the idea of humanocentrism and sociocentrism as the fundamental foundation and expediency of the State. The problem is posed by the global challenges faced by present-day civilization: climate protection and freshwater, poverty and corruption, terrorism and military conflicts, massive ethnic displacement and pandemics. In one way or another these problems are present on all continents today, both for the world community and for each State in particular, but there is no well-established mechanism for dealing with them. With regard to combating the spread of coronavirus, it is clear that the problem is a global one in the field of medical law, and that it must be addressed both at the level of the novelization of legislation and at the level of philosophy and sociology of law, ‘cause that’s the kind of system-wide results you can use in complex under the state-creative practice today.

The author examines the importance of the “Chinese factor” in today’s world from the perspective of current phenomena such as particular political and economic uncertainty, and examines them against the background of global cooperation and parallel – unprecedented competition at the same level. Globalization processes have taken place over the centuries, but have gained particular importance in our present day. However, they continue to evolve; however, we have left “the golden age” of globalization (1990–2010) already behind us and the related processes are more difficult now. They have acquired new characteristics and for a new success requires application of entirely new recipes. China ever louder talks about the need for a “new” globalization, in line with its new aspirations as a pretender for the global economy’s leadership position. The Belt and Road Initiative, launched in 2013, has been in the center of its vision. It has become the foundation for China’s foreign policy in the horizon of at least the middle of XXI century. It could be designed to re-confirm the unprecedented China’s economic success of the past four decades, which to a great extent could be derived from a skillful use of the “traditional” mechanisms of globalization. In the Belt and Road Initiative, China sees the prescription for overcoming emerging internal tensions and difficulties and the new way to a global success. The author examines the emerging at this stage, complex challenges for today’s China and the Belt and Road Initiative, that can be defined as “external” and dependent not only on own Chinese decisions. They stem e.g. from the need to overcome many barriers and cultural differences between China and its countries-partners in the Belt and Road project. On the other hand, the author identifies some “internal” challenges of systemic nature. Their reduction, and sometimes even abolition, depends mainly on mechanism applied independently by the Chinese side.

Procesy globalizacji ujawniające się u schyłku średniowiecza pod wpływem postępu kulturowo-cywilizacyjnego nie ominęły Gdańska. Położenie geograficzne zasadniczo wpłynęło na portowo-handlowy charakter miasta: z jednej strony zapotrzebowanie na produkty gospodarki naturalnej pochodzące z terenów Polski zgłaszały, stojące na wyższym poziomie rozwoju, państwa Europy Zachodniej, z drugiej zaś port nad Motławą stał się miejscem redystrybucji produktów wytworzonych na terenach Rzeczypospolitej, dostarczanych najtańszym wówczas sposobem, jakim były spływy Wisłą i jej dorzeczami. Rozwój handlu Gdańska z Zachodem sprzyjał wymianie kulturalnej, postępowi technicznemu i wzrostowi zamożności mieszkańców miasta. Pomimo ograniczonego oddziaływania Gdańska na procesy globalizacyjne zachodzące w skali świata, dostrzega się jego istotne znaczenie w zjawiskach pośrednich, umożliwiających wzrost globalnej aktywności głównych podmiotów politycznych. Zauważa się, że procesy te i zjawiska ukształtowały Gdańsk jako główny ośrodek asymetrycznej wymiany gospodarczej i kulturowo-cywilizacyjnej między Europą Zachodnią i Polską, co jest przedmiotem niniejszego wykładu.

The upcoming transformations of today’s societies into sustainable societies pose numerous problems. To avoid the destruction of the foundations of life in the Anthropocene, a profound social and cultural transformation encompassing all areas of life is required. To know how this can be accomplished requires extensive research and knowledge, the reliability of which plays an important role. The more open and diverse the global world becomes, the more difficult it is to determine which facts are important and what consequences can be drawn from them for human action. Instead of a reflexive approach to the results of scientific research, today one often encounters a populist approach to science. Its results are used to support preconceived opinions. One is not interested in new findings but aims at the disparagement of people of other opinions and their hateful insult. A destructive division of society is the result of the debates that are so important for the future of humanity.

Populizm jest zjawiskiem skomplikowanym, ponieważ koncepcja ta nie tylko różni się zarówno w podejściu, jak i przejawach, ale także ukształtowała się w krajach i regionach poza Europą. Podczas gdy intelektualiści nieustannie krytykują i postrzegają to zjawisko jako zagrożenie, któremu należy zapobiegać, miliony ludzi w całej Europie jednocześnie okazują poparcie dla ruchów, partii i osób o ideologii populistycznej. Ten sprzeczny obraz pokazuje, że pojawienie się populizmu jest w istocie odzwierciedleniem szeregu niestabilnych i niepokojących problemów społeczno-politycznych, a także skrajnych emocji i bezsilności ludzi w takich sytuacjach. Celem artykułu jest zatem przyjrzenie się czynnikom napędzającym Brexit, a tym samym zbadanie populizmu na poziomie analizy na poziomie indywidualnym, grupowym, państwowym i systemowym. Wyjaśniając poglądy wietnamskich intelektualistów na temat populizmu, artykuł następnie omawia możliwość wzrostu populizmu w obecnej sytuacji społeczno-politycznej w Wietnamie.

Cywilizacja andyjska obejmuje nie tylko Inków, ale także wcześniejsze kultury w tamtym regionie świata i trwała kilka tysięcy lat. Autor artykułu wyróżnia następujące przyczyny upadku tej cywilizacji: 1) przewaga techniczna i kulturowa Hiszpanów; 2) wojna domowa w państwie Inków; 3) brak integracji społeczeństwa inkaskiego; 4) problemy wewnętrzne imperium Inków. W konkluzjach pracy autor zastanawia się w jakim stopniu te przyczyny można odnieść do świata dzisiejszych cywilizacji.

The given article highlights an experimental study and pilot stereotype-oriented teaching aimed at an effective perspective of Korean and Ukrainian intercultural communication. Fifty-four Korean students of the faculty of Ukrainian studies at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies took part in this project. The aim of the research consisted in determining and explaining the contents of ethnic stereotypes concerning Ukraine and the Ukrainians, which are common among Korean students. In addition, the study meant not only to develop effective means to overcome stereotypes, but also to offer ways how to manage them through stereotype-oriented teaching. The procedure of the analysis went through several stages: (a) revealing stereotypes through anonymous surveys among students; (b) quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data obtained; (c) stereotype-oriented / destereotyped teaching and feedback from the students. The experimental study has disproven certain fears of some researchers that stereotypes cannot be taught and spread within the learning process.

The purpose of this study is to identify the perceptions of instructors of internationalization in higher education. The sample of this study consists of 325 faculty members working at four different universities. The data were collected using a scale developed by the researchers. According to findings scale points of the female instructors are better than the male instructors in the foreign language and academic sub-scales. It is seen that perception level of the instructors who were stayed in a foreign country for their education are better than the ones who were not in the academic sub-scale. It is also observed that perceptions of instructors who went to a congress or symposium abroad are better than the ones who did not go to a congress and symposium abroad in the foreign language dimension.

Class struggle in Poland and Europe

The main thesis of article is class struggle in contemporary Poland and Europe. Author is giving the explanation of the main features and socio-political characteristic of the contemporary epoch, the main features and conditions of revolutionary and counter revolutionary forces in Poland, especially at the time 1956, 1968–1970, 1980–1981 and 1989. More attention become the “Solidarity” movement and its leader L. Wałęsa and their counter revolutionary role in the working movement not only in Poland. The analysis contains also the explanation of the socio-economic situation in the PR China and political and ideological changes in CPC, the perspective of development of Poland in EU, socio-economic conditions of Polish peoples and their political behaviors, different classes and stratas, the level of the democracy and the causes of collapse of People’s Poland. What is the influence had accession of Poland to EU on the contemporary polish working movement, the role of Communist Party of Poland and other left parties and trade unions? What is the perspective of socialism in the time of European integration and globalization?

The developing of children’s multiple intelligences and key competences in the context of non-formal education. A case study of the competition “Słoneczniki [Sunflowers]”

Educational activities organized by cultural institutions are nowadays developed around the world in spaces other than schools. In particular, some new forms of education for children emerged, which are situated in museums, theatres, and cultural and entertainment centres. Global educational challenges are undertaken in local cultural environments. Their shared value is the focus on developing children’s abilities and the potential for multiple intelligences from an early age. The multiplicity and diversity of cultural offers is undoubtedly an advantage, but also a problem. Hence, the question arises which of these cultural proposals are particularly valuable, compared to others, and stand out in terms of quality. The article presents a case study of the “Sunflowers” competition, held in Krakow, in the context of research into children’s cultural and intercultural education. The materials made available by the organizer of the competition were analyzed in the article. Non-formal education has been discussed as an important area of educational influence and the formation of cultural competence.

Cybersecurity strategies of New Zealand and Poland in the process of globalization

In this paper an author conduct comparative analysis of New Zealand and Poland cybersecurity strategies. During this research a hypothesis was confirmed that cybersecurity strategies of analyzed countries differ because of their political systems of these countries. Moreover an author has highlighted that alliances known from real world are transformed into cyberspace. Thus New Zealand stay close, when creating cybersecurity, to USA, Australia and Canada, when Poland is committed to the European Union structures.

Contemporary nationalisms as a manifestation of the paradox of globalization

Transformations within national and international policies influenced by globalization, cause changes in value systems and related modifications in the conditions of functioning of political entities, contributing to their evolution. This publication is an attempt to show new directions in international relations and to show certain regularities that follow periodically, determining the behavior of political participants. The starting point for the research is the indication of contemporary manifestations of nationalism, analysis of progressing globalization and the relationship that exists between them. On this basis will be indicated regularities, which influence the shaping of the structure of social support for liberal or nationalist postulates. The publication may contribute to changing the perception of the nature of globalization and understanding the reasons for the increase in support for liberalism and nationalism.

Food constitutes the basic human need. Changes in the modern world indicate that the problem of food security will steadily grow in importance in the future. The key question is therefore how to provide it, how to governance it in a dynamically changing world under the globalization processes. The article deals with the problem of global governance of food security. Its main assumption is that the globalization processes create the qualitatively new environment of food security global governance. The analysis permits three conclusions. First, as a consequence of the globalization processes, the way food security is perceived has changed while the problem itself becomes complex and multi-dimensional, which increases demand for new forms of its governance. Second, under the influence of the globalization processes, the responsibility for ensuring food security extends over an increasingly large group of actors and requires coordinated actions taking an increasingly broad group of so-called stakeholders into consideration. Third, globalization processes stimulate the formulation and development of paradigms and strategies for food security, offering an ‘infrastructure’ and creating their intellectual foundation as in the case of the free-market model, as well as offering an ‘infrastructure’ and being the point of reference, in opposition to which alternative proposals are developed, such as food self-sufficiency and food sovereignty

The dynamic character of changes we are observing in the contemporary world makes us ponder on the condition of the state – one of the most firmly established institutions, which has been a central unit in the international system so far. We got used to the unquestionably dominant role of the state as the main architect and arbitrator in both internal affairs and international relations. The superior position of the state has been undermined neither by World Wars nor the global economic crisis. At present, the world order based on the system of national states, commonly known as the Westphalian system, seems to be becoming a thing of the past due to huge international transformations, the most important of which is globalization. The multi-level character of changes affects basic spheres of international cooperation and is exerting an increasing influence upon the state, which is gradually losing its omnipotent position. The article presents how the abovementioned processes of change create new conditions of the functioning of the state and erode the foundations of its national identity: territoriality of state authority, sovereignty of the country and its generally secular character. All of them have been quite difficult to implement over the past twenty five years. As a result, the postmodern state is becoming less and less autonomous in its operations and is vulnerable to difficulties it encounters in the conditions of a turbulent environment and uncertain future. Not only the complexity of the international system, but also the fragmentation of the national society in the times of growing threats lead to the instability of traditional support usually offered to the state by a more homogenous national background. In these circumstances, the issue of the future of the national state becomes a subject of scientific research.

Theoretical and Methodological Aspects the Concept of International Image of the State

The article considers the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of the international image of the state through: analysis of conceptual approaches to the concept of international image of the state; identification of factors influencing the formation of an effective image of the state in the international arena; formulation of essential features of the state image and determination of their influence on the international competitiveness of the state; defining criteria for assessing the international image; analysis of areas of international state image-making. The international image of the state is a strategic tool for strengthening the status of the state in the international arena and the main criterion for its effectiveness. The international image is formed under the influence of natural factors and purposeful activity of state and other actors. The author identifies specific features of the international image of the state: compliance with the level of political, socio-economic and cultural development of the state; emphasis on the brightest and specific characteristics of the state; the presence of significant emotional and psychological composition; easy to display object; symbolization of some aspects of state life. The main criterion for the effectiveness of the state image is to strengthen the status of the state in the international arena. The result of the analysis of the main directions of international state image-making is the allocation of three areas: geopolitical direction forms the idea of geographical space as a territory for domestic and foreign policy; marketing direction provides promotion of economic processes of the state on the world stage; branding direction based on the recognizability of formal and informal symbols of the state contributes to the recognizability of the state on the world stage. Thus, the international image is a manageable category that can be built according to the political or economic demands of the state.