- Author:
Anna Llanos-Antczak
- Institution:
Akademia Ekonomiczno-Humanistyczna w Warszawie
- Year of publication:
2022
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
7-26
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2022.73.01
- PDF:
apsp/73/apsp7301.pdf
Results of the elections to the Regional Parliament and the Cortes Generales in the Basque country as a reflection of the nationalist tendencies
Basque nationalism is a multifaceted and complex issue in which many aspects overlap, but much can be deduced from the political sympathies expressed by the inhabitants of the Basque Country during the elections to both the regional parliament and the Cortes Generales. The political parties’ programs are also a good source of knowledge. The aim of the article is to outline the programs of the Basque main political parties and the results of parliamentary elections as two important determinants for the analysis of nationalist tendencies in this autonomous community. The article provides an analysis of the political origins of Basque nationalism and also focuses on the PNV party as the leading political force for moderate nationalism. The last part concerns the socio-political moods at the end of the second decade of the 21st century in the Basque Country.
- Author:
Norbert Obara
- Year of publication:
2014
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
68-82
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/so2014204
- PDF:
so/6/so604.pdf
Economic relations between the European Union and Iran versus sanctions and energy security
The article provides an analysis economical and political relationship between Islamic Republic of Iran and European Union and its members countries, particularly Greece, Italy and Spain in the context of politics of energy safety. Prior to the adoption of heavy economic sanctions the EU led a double track politics towards Iran: “carrot and stick method”. The main thesis is that sanction on Iran hurts more this country then EU but in some cases: Greece, Italy, Spain could have problems with new energy partners. Iran before sanctions was one of the main European suppliers of oil and natural gas but not for all EU, only for few countries. There are lists of main exporters and importers Iranians oil and natural gas in EU and the world. Additionally a list of EU sanctions on Iran has been attached. Additionally article presents roots of piece of Middle Eastern enemy history relationships between Great Britain, USA and Iran.
- Author:
Michał Z. Dankowski
- E-mail:
m.dankowski@vp.pl
- Institution:
Kolegium Jagiellońskie – Toruńska Szkoła Wyższa
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1729-7595
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
217-227
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2023.04.16
- PDF:
ppk/74/ppk7416.pdf
The Role of the Captain General in the Political System of Spain in the Past and Present
This article is an answer to the question where the rank of the Captain General in the title of the king of Spain came from. Reaching back to the pre-constitutional times, the role of the Captain General in the political system of Spain was defined. Originally he acted as the supreme military commander, with time gaining competences in the field of politics, judiciary and treasury. The essence of the post functions is evidenced by the creation of separate territorial administrative entities – captaincy general. The apogee of the Captain-General’s importance in Spain took place in the 18th century, when with the arrival of Philip V of Anjou at the Iberian Peninsula, the system of Bourbon absolutism began to be implemented in Spain under the Nueva Planta reforms. In the constitutional era, the post was once again reduced to strictly military matters, however traditionally appearing in the royal titulature.
- Author:
Małgorzata Myśliwiec
- Institution:
University of Silesia in Katowice
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7149-6977
- Author:
Tomasz Kubin
- Institution:
University of Silesia in Katowice
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0984-8089
- Year of publication:
2023
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
138-151
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2023.80.08
- PDF:
apsp/80/apsp8008.pdf
The interdependence between the economy and politics is particularly visible during economic crises. The subject of research is the impact of the economic crisis in Spain after 2008 on its political system. And the main aim is to answer the question: what factor had the most important impact on the functioning of the state’s political system. Authors assume that it was the amendment of the Art. 135 of the state constitution. The theoretical framework of the study is the output on the relationship between the economy and politics. The empirical research was based on the analysis of changes in the economic situation in Spain after 2008, and on the analysis of the evolution of the Spanish political system. Obtained results may be useful in the context of the impact of changes in the economic situation caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.
- Author:
Valentyna Hodlewska
- Institution:
University of Gdańsk
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8115-5116
- Author:
Beata Słobodzian
- Institution:
University of Gdańsk
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-7879
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
151-171
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2024.84.09
- PDF:
apsp/84/apsp8409.pdf
The article examines the specificities of local self-government in Spain. The Constitution of Spain established a system of division of powers between the state and autonomous communities and specifies the content of two types of autonomy: territorial and local, each of which has a different legal nature. In Spain, an optimal balance between centralization and decentralization has been achieved, which depends on the order in which competences are distributed between the central government, the regions and the local government bodies, the scope of its competences and the principles of cooperation with the state and regional authorities.
- Author:
Andrzej Jackiewicz
- E-mail:
jackiewicz@uwb.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6957-3139
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
181-193
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2024.05.13
- PDF:
ppk/81/ppk8113.pdf
Organic Law a la española – Constitutional Prerequisites and Position in the Hierarchy of Spanish Sources of Law
The article analyses the constitutional prerequisites defining organic laws as a Spanish source of law. It identifies the material and formal criteria identifying organic laws and examines how they relate to each other, particularly in the context of the principle of reserved matters and the importance of the procedure for enacting organic laws in situations of conflict with ordinary laws. In view of the fact that the Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain does not expressly indicate the place of the organic law in the hierarchy of sources of law, the article, based on the findings of Spanish constitutional law doctrine and the jurisprudence of the Spanish Constitutional Court, points out arguments in favour of the superior legal force of organic laws in relation to ordinary laws, thus demonstrating the specificity of the Spanish model of organic law.