- Author:
Katarzyna Cwynar
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
- Year of publication:
2019
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
210-226
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/athena.2019.62.13
- PDF:
apsp/62/apsp6213.pdf
Artykuł przedstawia ideę i ruch kooperatyzmu w dziewiętnastowiecznych Niemczech. Autorka wskazuje na inspirację tego ruchu sytuacją społeczno-ekonomiczną tamtego czasu oraz poprzedzającym go ruchem spółdzielczym w Wielkiej Brytanii i we Francji. W Niemczech dominującą formą kooperatyw były banki ludowe Hermanna Schulze-Delitzsch oraz wiejskie kasy pożyczkowo-oszczędnościowe Friedricha Wilhelma Raiffeisena. Autorka koncentruje się na ideowym ich uzasadnieniu oraz na ich odrębnościach wynikających z zakresu działalności oraz form organizacyjnych. Podejmuje także kwestię stawianych celów społecznych ruchu spółdzielczego. Nie jest jej obojętna także rola polityczna obu typów kooperatyw, zwłaszcza w kontekście narodowościowym. W tym ostatnim wypadku zwraca uwagę na rolę spółdzielczości na ziemiach polskich pozostających w zaborze pruskim.
- Author:
Kamil Mroczka
- E-mail:
ks.mroczka@uw.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Warszawski
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-3479
- Year of publication:
2021
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
171-188
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2021.03.11
- PDF:
ppk/61/ppk6111.pdf
Civil Service in the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal
The civil service (c.s.) is a key element of any nation of law. As an institution responsible for exercising the public authority c.s. is not free from political pressure and takeover attempts for the purposes of the party. Polish experience in the creation of a politically neutral c.s. has not been impressive. The first regulation was created during the interwar period. After the World War II, the idea of an independent and professional c.s. was gradually dismantled to be completely abandoned in 1974. After the collapse of PRL, until 1996, there were several unsuccessful attempts to revive c.s. In that year the parliament adopted a basis for the c.s. system but even that attempt was subsequently revised in upcoming years by further changes (three new acts of law). Moreover, it has to be pointed out that during those years the actions of decision-makers concerning the c.s. have been the subject of jurisprudence by the Constitutional Tribunal. The rulings issued by the Tribunal have shaped the operational conditions which are important for c.s. and have developed an interpretation of the constitutional axioms of that institution. Analysis of key sentences of the Constitutional Court is the subject of this paper.
- Author:
Michał Brzeziński
- E-mail:
michal.brzezinski@uw.edu.pl
- Institution:
Uniwersytet Warszawski
- ORCID:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1972-6915
- Year of publication:
2024
- Source:
Show
- Pages:
237–251
- DOI Address:
https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2024.05.17
- PDF:
ppk/81/ppk8117.pdf
Neutrality of the Polish Armed Forces in Political Matters from the Point of View of Program Norms
The subject of the article is the regulation of the political neutrality of the Polish Armed Forces regulated by the Constitution 1997. The article goes beyond the findings of constitutional law and takes into account the views of legal theory. The article analyzes the neutrality from the perspective of aspirational norms (policies) and values. The text links the generic features of aspirational norms to political neutrality and answers three questions: who is the addressee of the norm (to whom does neutrality refer), what is the required behaviour (what is the activity of „preserving neutrality”) and what is the purpose of the required behaviour (what is the political neutrality of the Armed Forces)?