Media and communication are subjects which are closely related. For quite some time in each public debate references are made to an increasing dependence between media and communication processes. Explicit attention is paid to a changing context of the communication process, and especially the process of political communication. The role of media in the process of public communication is, on the one hand, quite traditional; that is to inform the public, popularize information and mobilize citizens to action, all in the name of the public good. On the other hand, it is also noticeable that modern media play new roles such as providers of entertainment, scandals, sensation, enjoyment. All this brings a question: which of these functions tell us about the future of the media, and – consequently – how do they change the process of political communication in the public sphere? And is this what we want?

Book Review: Wojciech Opioła & Malwina Popiołek, Media społecznościowe. Nowe formy ekspresji politycznej. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek 2014, (pp. 196). ISBN 978-83-8019-097-9.

Social media and media education. New job markets
Presenting the definition of media education with all its aspects seems to be a breakneck task. Media education is mostly analyzed in relation to a specific phenomenon or process. Digital media, in particular social media, become an important space for media education. Communication platforms of this type are constantly changing and improving. They create a new kind of instability of knowledge and skills. The aim of this work is to present the perspective of social media as new labor markets in the space of the digital information and skills economy.
The analysis in the theoretical layer was based on the work and perspective of Jan van Dijk – social aspects of new media. The secondary analysis of source data and the secondary analysis of in-depth interviews supplemented with author’s interviews were used in this work.

User generated content as a manifestation of participatory culture in Poland
The aim of the article is to explain the problem of content produced by Internet users (UGC) in the context of participatory culture theories. The author assumed that it is possible to identify and describe some new research areas connected with the behavior of Internet users, aft er analysing theories in the field of cultural studies and media research. The article describes development of UGC in the context of cultural and technological changes in Poland. Participatory culture theories shed a new light on evolution of the Internet and UGC. This evolution can be described as a proces of emerging and disappearing new types of content produced by users and then remixed by editors of websites.

Social media in the process of building civil society in Lublin
Abstract: Implementation of the policy of participatory management of the city includes the active involvement of citizens in the processes of co-decision. The involvement of the residents in the policy of urban space development gains more and more recognition among the local authority regulating the rules of cooperation with the citizens in the local and national law. Implementation of new communication tools is a response to social needs, as results of social needs and made them used by the residents. Natural stage communication process has to incorporate social media into a dialogue with the residents.
Below I present an analysis of social media and the role they play a in the process of building civil society Lublin. In this article I will present the media used by the City of Lublin in communicating with residents, the role of social media in this process and the level of social involvement in the communication process with the use of Facebook.
Looking at the city as a place for the realisation of the residents’ needs, one cannot overlook the instruments for their implementation. Every city builds its own code of activity. The success of the residents in the realisation of their projects equals the success of the authorities in the implementation of the participatory city management policy.

Social Media – the new space of science
Abstract: Internet and modern technologies has introduced permanent changes in many areas of human life. The process of acquiring knowledge does not look today the same as it did few decades ago. The widely understood world of science also has undergone transformations. Virtualization of various aspects of scientific institutions activity, as well as partial migration of scientific researches to the Internet, forced scientists to adapt to the new tools – the new media. The article is an attempt to characterize the presence of science in social media. Social networks are both research field and tool. In this area operate both academic institutions and independent researchers, often young people not affiliated with any university. Social media are both a new tool for institutional communication and also the space of connective and collective work of Internet users, who, under the new social rhetoric of gratuitousness, selflessly promote learning.

In the last decade, one can notice the huge interest of researchers in the field of cyberpolicy, which is primarily due to the widespread use of the Internet in the public space. This fact is also an impulse for conducting interdisciplinary research that combines knowledge from social sciences on the one hand, and uses content from technical sciences on the other. Compared to the form of conducting election campaigns in the 20th century in the U.S., during the 2016 election campaign there were significant changes in the conduct of political struggle. These changes consist above all in the use of cybernetic tools, which to a large extent, however difficult to determine, shaped electoral behavior. The contemporary political competition is more and more dependent on technology, which becomes the main element of the professionalization of election campaigns. Investigating the impact of cyberspace on electoral results is a big challenge, considering the fact that the area of cybertechnology is extremely complex. Cyberspace has now become a field for many political phenomena that are constantly evolving and in most cases their importance is immense for the functioning of the political system. The article is intended to deal with selected phenomena related to cybertechnology that were compared with other events from the U.S. election campaign in 2016. The article aims to investigate selected events resulting from the use of cybertechnology, which had an impact on electoral behavior.

Artykuł jest analizą sposobu wykorzystania serwisu społecznościowego Facebook przez kandydatów w polskich wyborach parlamentarnych w roku 2015. Wyniki badań dowodzą, że tylko niespełna jedna trzecia kandydatów była w czasie kampanii wyborczej aktywna na Facebooku. Co więcej, materiały informacyjne były znacznie częściej publikowane niż treści o charakterze mobilizacyjnym czy promocyjnym. Nie wykazano też statystycznej zależności między płcią, wiekiem i miejscem zamieszkania kandydatów a intensywnością korzystania z Facebooka w czasie kampanii wyborczej.

Social media are not only a space for making contacts and strengthening social ties, but also an increasingly important source of information. This fact is very crucial in the context of political communication. On the one hand, social networks have created a new platform of interaction between politicians and citizens,in particular during the electoral campaign, but on the other, due to its structure based on the rapid and direct flow of information, they proved to be an effective tool for spreading false content, so-called fake news and misinformation.
This negative trend, most visible during the presidential elections in the United States in 2016, has become an impulse to undertake extensive measures to combat this practice. Among many entities engaging in campaigns against fake news, there were primarily enterprises from the ICT industry, but also governments, media publishers and international organizations.
The main aim of the article is to indicate the most important actions taken (by the end of January 2018) in order to fight disinformation on the Internet. The text will also focus on the analysis of this activity in the context of potential danger of increasing control over the flow of information on the Internet and introduction of censorship on a mass scale.

Profession - social media manager - competences and action

Recently, social media are recognized as an integral part of human functioning. Taking into account a wide range of contacts and connections they include, one can observe they fulfill not only social but also professional and consumer functions. The popularization of media culture, technological paradigm and the character of informational society strongly influence every domain that covers human functioning. With no doubt, not only the way of communicating and leisure had changed but also labour market. Technological innovations somehow enforced the development of new professions, which until recently did not even have specific names. Social media manager as an occupation is relatively new but it has been gaining in popularity at a quick pace. The prominent role of the profession being discussed is recognized in business and marketing as well as in the public sector. A person responsible for managing social media must possess a wide variety of competencies crucial for making effective operations but also managing with sales rates and representing a proper corporate image.

Parents actively share information about their children on Facebook, but little research has explored the extent of this issue. The goal of this paper is to theorize a new type of parents’ online activities concerning their children, especially the problem of sharenting, which is increasingly common in contexts where social media such as Facebook play a significant role in relationships and interactions. This paper explores what kind of baby pictures parents share on Facebook and what are the likely causes of doing it. The presented research was conducted with the use of social media ethnography among 168 Polish parents using Facebook. The findings have shown that the phenomenon of sharenting is common practice among parents.

This study aimed to explore a collaborative problem solving case using social media and an e-collaboration tool, and analyze its educational implications in a qualitative research method. For achieving the research goal, a case study was conducted in a middle school class. Two rounds of one-to-one interviews with a teacher and written interviews with students were conducted. In addition, relevant class resources and the students’ final reports were also collected as data. It was shown that using social media and an e-collaboration tool could encourage students’ scientific inquiries and enhance problem solving skills as well as set up a healthy communication culture among teachers and students.

Activity of Members of the European Parliament of the 9th term on the social platform Facebook - comparative analysis

Social media has changed the social lives of humans. The real-world activities are conducted more often on the Internet; the content posted on such social networking sites as Facebook may serve here as an example. Activity in social media is particularly important for politicians and public figures since such a means of communication allows them to maintain direct contact with voters and citizens. Social media also serves as a platform for creating an image and a personal brand of a politician. Due to the activity on these types of platforms, lesser known people can gain wider recognition and reach a larger group of recipients. However, it should be also noted that as far as public figures are concerned, increased activity does not always denote the achievement of a goal. Politics are simply unpredictable and there are many factors influencing voting preferences.

This article describes the issue of misinformation during the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, which WHO called ‘infodemic’. The outbreak of the pandemic has changed the constellation of the information environment, where there is a noticeable increase in fake news, conspiracy theories and the hate speech they generate. The modified architecture of digital space causes the formation of new instruments, influence factors, phenomena – previously recognized, but never before so intense. The article focuses on fake news that appeared in connection with the ongoing pandemic and which is present in Polish public discourse. The adopted perspective allowed to look at the phenomenon of false information through the prism of the theory of information laundering.

In order to live a normal life, a person must answer the question about themselves - about their image, worldview, capabilities. Typically, one’s identity is built on the basis of the opinions of the environment. A person either compares themselves with it or uses the opinions of people who are important to them. In this way, the person builds their own inner continuity, which provides them with a sense of stability. It is a dynamic process which very often determines the colour and complexity of human life. Today, the closest environment are more and more often the social media. Especially for young people, they are becoming an important source of information about themselves and the world. Yet to what extent do social media offer opportunities for authentic manifestation of one’s self, and to what extent do they become a space for creating parallel identities? Young users are eager to use social media, which influence their lives and identities. The problem is illustrated with the example of China, a large and original social media market.

Since the contemporary public sphere has largely moved online, Twitter has become the leading platform of political debate. Potentially harmful echo spheres, selective exposure and social media filter bubbles that limit individuals to their own opinions can be especially alarming when it concerns politicians. This paper aims to investigate the degree of homophily among Polish MPs, simultaneously indicating the way politicians form follower communication structures. The analysis of the data gathered from Twitter revealed observable elements of polarization at the political affiliation level, although the level of parliament chambers was found meaningless in that case. The Polish political Twittersphere is dominated by the two biggest parties, accurately reflecting parliament composition. The use of communication structure is examined throughout this paper, ultimately confirming the homophilic behavior of specific politicians’ groups, especially in terms of mutual communication and its effectiveness.

Niniejsze badanie ma na celu zbadanie związku między obecnością polityki w mediach społecznościowych a aktywnymi intencjami obywatelskimi w zakresie partycypacji politycznej. W tym badaniu obecność w mediach społecznościowych mierzy się za pomocą interaktywności i personalizacji, ponieważ wcześniejsze badania wprowadziły koncepcję obecności społecznej. W niniejszym badaniu zamiary aktywnego uczestnictwa w życiu politycznym zostały zdefiniowane jako zamiar głosowania, zamiar demonstracji oraz zamiar prowadzenia kampanii na rzecz polityka. Stworzono trzy hipotezy ze zmiennymi interaktywnością i personalizacją oraz połączonym efektem obu.

The rapid inventions of social media in current era have changed the wellbeing of human lives. The current study aimed to explore the correlation between social media usage and undergraduate students’ psychological wellbeing in Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Two research instruments were used in this study Social Media Addiction Scale-Student Form (SMAS-SF) and Flourishing Scale (FS). The first scale measures the usage capacity of social media and the second measures the psychological wellbeing of undergraduate students. The correlation between the scores obtained from the scales was determined by applying Pearson correlation formula. The positive correlation between social media usage and psychological wellbeing of undergraduate students has been found in this study. The other finding related to most preferred social media concluded that WhatsApp was most preferable social media among undergraduate students. 61% undergraduate students used the WhatsApp to engage their daily life in using social media.

The aim of this study is to examine how ethics influence students’ cognitive and affective-based trust during COVID-19 pandemic and explore their information seeking activity when faced with limitations learning process. The sample consists of 610 participants through a survey study with Structural Equation Modeling to test the research hypotheses. We found both ethics has positive and significant effect to trust (e.g., cognitive- and affective-based trust), which subsequently positively effects on information seeking among students’ toward Facebook as a tool to promote their activities, The recent study’s has contributed to the academic field shows that Facebook is a tool for communication and interaction with others by seeking information, which ethics and trusts an essential exogenous factor. In practical area, education stakeholders’ should address and identify their students’ to improve their learning performance. Also, it should focus on enhancing the contents and processes of its students’ interactions to foster communication and value propositions in creating unique and valuable experiences.

Currently, quick and profound changes occur in the sphere of language. The reasons for this are frequent and longterm interactions of the contemporary teenagers with social media, such as: Facebook, My Space, Flickr, online computer games and virtual realities, such as Club Penguin, Second Life and the Sims; websites collecting videos and pictures, such as YouTube; blogs (e.g. blogger, microblogger, Twitter), as well as the use of mobile telephony and smartphones, namely mobile phones and pocket computers, including iPod touch – a multifunctional computer with access to the Internet or iPhone – being a combination of a mobile phone with an entertainment platform and online messenger, as well as email. The aforementioned media offer teenagers a place to meet and quickly communicate with each other, and this phenomenon is growing exponentially. Social media encourage to experiment with language in order for everyday language to better reflect reality. This results, to a great extent, in depletion of language of the youth, simplification and introduction of new codes. This article is an attempt to describe this “new” language of Polish and Korean youth, as well as answer the following questions: Do the analyzed changes threaten the Polish and Korean language identity and orthography? Have English phrases become a permanent code of communication between teenagers in the two countries?